The Blood Libel

In olden days, this entry would have been in the “What Media Bias?” series but we all know about that – this isn’t just about the specific lie.

Rashida Tlaib posts on her X account the accusation that Israeli settlers – backed by the IDF – beat an American citizen to death in the West Bank. The American citizen being a man born in Florida but visiting family in the West Bank; with news accounts saying he was just there to have a good time (because people always visit war zones just for a lark). Then Tlaib issues the call for us to get on the stick and start punishing all Israel for this crime.

Tlaib is a known and egregious liar so you instantly take it with a grain of salt but you decide to check into it. The primary source for the stories is the Palestinian Health Ministry. These are the same people who claim that war in Gaza has claimed 55,000 Palestinian lives, over half of whom are children. So, you know: straight nonsense. So, in addition to knowing that Tlaib is a liar, we also know that the primary source of the story is from a liar.

What we do know for certain is that the man is dead because he was beaten. That’s about it. Everyone saying anything else beyond that is merely speculating when not outright lying. From what I can tell, there was some sort of confrontation with no confirmation of who started it. But, of course, Israelis and Palestinians in the West Bank do not get along. The sort of Israelis willing to live in such a doubtful location are, face it, the most ardent of Zionists. And the Palestinians have been taught from childhood that Israelis are evil. Won’t take much to get a fight started – a shouted insult or even an insulting look might set things off and you’ve got a fight with people hurt or killed.

To be sure, just like all people around the world, there are Israeli jerks. That is, Israelis who are mean and stupid just like there are mean and stupid Americans, Brazilians and Gambians. And, of course, mean and stupid Palestinians. What I’m saying here is that, sure, it could have been an Israeli who started the fight. But I also note in one of the articles about the incident, the dead man – after being lauded as the kindest, warmest person who ever lived in the whole, wide world – is described by his family as a man who “[died] protecting his family’s land from settlers who were attempting to steal it”.

This is a bit of a jarring note. Now, perhaps his family is merely trying to give his death a heroic cast – Palestinian culture currently placing a high value on dying fighting the Jews – but to say he “died protecting his land from settlers” doesn’t indicate a guy who was merely visiting the West Bank for a good time. Like he went there with a purpose. Perhaps that purpose being to stir up violence which could then be used as Palestinian propaganda against Israel. This doesn’t mean the man wanted to be killed – or even should have been killed – but it does show that a deep investigation is warranted before we get all upset with Israel over it.

But that is not how things work in the modern world. Had a little discussion with a Jewish friend on X: he had brought up the fact that while people complain about Jewish bankers, the bottom line is that lots of Jews are bankers (and lawyers) in the West because for the longest time they weren’t allowed to be anything else. They couldn’t integrate. Specific laws prevented it – including bans on Jews owning land and so forth. To be sure, that isn’t the case today (pro tempore in Europe and Canada), but the Western Jewish culture just isn’t geared to get a Jewish guy going, “I think I’ll buy a farm in Kansas”. To be sure, there were Jewish people involved in all aspects of the growing USA (after all, Levi Strauss invented blue jeans), but America has always been a little odd as its always been easier to integrate into our life if you want to. But, still, even in America, lots of Jewish bankers and lawyers because, culturally, that’s what they were geared towards.

This brings us to try to understand what Zionism was and remains: it is an attempt to give the eternal alien a home. Technically, this could have been done anywhere in the world, of course. Could have carved out 8,500 square miles in the USA, Australia or lots of other places around the world and done the same thing as was done in Israel – given a land to Jews for Jews to live in and rule themselves. Israel was chosen because of the Jew’s historic connection to it and it was nearly empty at the time of the first Zionists who began arriving in Israel in the 1880’s (and there was, of course, a Jewish population already residing there at the time: as far as we can tell, since the time of Abraham there has always been some Jewish people in Israel).

And it really was pretty empty: according to the Ottoman census of 1849 – 99 years before Israel became independent – the population of Jerusalem was 5,800. To give you a good idea: in the Old City (which was pretty much the total city in 1849) there are currently more than 31,000 people. Modern Jerusalem has nearly a million people in it. So, 5,800 to start. Pretty small. And this was by far the biggest city in what is today Israel. Today between Israel, Gaza Strip and West Bank, about 15 million people live. This is more than have ever lived there (estimates are under Roman rule it was a few million, tops). Nobody really knows what the population was 200 years ago, but guesses are about 100,000, mixed between Jews, Muslims and Christians. Bottom line, almost everyone alive in that area today is descended from someone who arrived less than 200 years ago: they’re almost all Settlers. The point here is that when Jews started to immigrate in the 1880’s, they came to a nearly empty land which was bereft of civilization. Only Jerusalem was barely livable because it received a steady income from Christian pilgrims. Other than that, complete dump and wasteland. Minimal agricultural or other economic activity. Visitors were pretty much disgusted with how poor, ignorant and degraded the local population was. And that is why the Turkish authorities – and even the local authorities – welcomed the Zionists: they brought a chance for some economic growth.

Nobody else was going to do it. Not ever. The land lacks any significant natural resources. It isn’t strategically important (too far from the Suez canal to be either used to defend or attack it). If it wasn’t for Jews wanting to be Jewish there, it would still be an insignificant and grossly impoverished backwater of the world. The Turks were probably delighted that someone was willing to come down and spend some money there – anything to build up a bit of economic activity so that governing the area wasn’t just a drain on the Turkish treasury. And so the Jews came. And came. And came some more. Swamps were drained. Roads built. Schools and hospitals. Farming commenced. Now where there had been nothing of value, there was wealth…and the non-Jews looked at this and saw it was good…but also saw that the Jews kept coming. And coming, and coming and coming. Two and two were put together. Eventually, the Jews would be a majority.

Now, when faced with such a thing, you have two choices: just go along with it, or fight it. I do understand why “go along” wasn’t appealing. You’re a Muslim who is living in a Muslim majority land and even though you’re poor, you’re still of the Ruling Class. Muslims hold all official positions. Muslim law dominates. Your cultural and religious ideals are dominant. Here come Outsiders and they’re coming so fast that soon they will outnumber you and start to vote into place themselves. Most people would try to stop that, if they could. But it is important here to note how this fight was conducted: not a straightforward, “we’re Muslims and we’re just going to stay in charge, and if that means we have to kick out the Jews, then we’re going to do it”. Nope. It was The Jewish Conspiracy that is insidiously destroying us! Those Jews! Damned bankers! Cheating us out of what is ours! They didn’t buy the land and start farming, they stole it! Crafty sons of bitches! Kill them all! In other words, not a manly fight of people vs people for ownership, but a cowardly set of lies designed to instigate murder.

That is all this is really about: faced with a Jew sitting in the shade of a tree he planted on his own land, the opponent must cook up a reason for killing him for doing that. The tropes about Jewish Bankers and cabals and so forth is mere cover for “I just want to kill the Jews”. And that is what Tlaib is doing – keeping up the lie to justify murdering Jews. She, personally, might just be stupid – but whatever made her say that, the goal is specific: she wants Jews to be murdered. She and way too many tens of millions around the world: repeating the Blood Libel under varied forms all to get to the same result: murdered Jews…who are malevolent aliens everywhere.

And this goes for everyone who says things like “hey, I’m just asking questions”. No, you are not; you are participating in the Blood Libel. It doesn’t matter what happened in 1948. Or even last week. A Jewish guy pruning his rose bushes in his home didn’t do anything to anyone. But it is said that killing him is justified because of what other Jewish people are alleged to have done. Why? Because its all part of The Global Jewish Conspiracy! In other words, he has to die because liars want to lie. You can’t have an argument against Israel. It is there. It exists. Millions of people live there and have never lived anywhere else. They are not collectively responsible for everything that may or may not have happened in the past. You can’t call for “from the river to the sea” except as a call to murder the innocent…to murder people just because they are Jewish. Remember what Tlaib said in her post: it wasn’t “we must find the Israeli miscreant and punish him”. No. She said “our government continues to send billions to prop up the apartheid system that killed him and kills Palestinians like him every day. Arms Embargo Now.” The dead man wasn’t killed by an Israeli, but by The Jews.

And here’s where I get broken record: we have to punish lies. Tlaib is lying to get people killed. She’s hoping that some moron lunatic out there will take her words at face value and go out and kill a Jew. To Globalize the Intifada. Because in her mind The Jews are all one thing and purely evil. She won’t stop. Not ever. It doesn’t harm her to lie. In fact, she gets praise for it. She’s wealthy and powerful today because of lies. Until she is made poor and powerless by her lies, she’ll keep doing it. As will all the other liars. Just how many people have to die so that we don’t risk the financial and social position of anti-Semites? Just curious. Wondering if anyone can give me a number?

The Anti-Semitic Moment

Candace Owens made a splash a few years ago as black, female conservative but now is branching out – she’s taking up the cause of the Third Reich. Whether as a matter of conviction or because there’s lots of anti-Semitic clicks to be had from the Gaza war is unknown. Superficially, you might think that National Socialism is something black people can’t do but it is actually infinitely applicable. The key isn’t being German, or even white. The key is to be anti-Semitic. If we could dig up Zombie Hitler he’d probably still assert that black skinned people are inherently inferior, but that would only be until he got his bearings and realized there’s room for everyone, except Jews. Hitler, after all, made alliance with the Japanese…and for all his granting honorary Aryan status to the Japanese, this was a violation of strict Nazi ideology.

The first step to Nazism – the gateway drug – is blame Jews for something. Not a Jew, but Jews, as such. The Gaza war has provided ample opportunity for people to blame the Jews. There are now right and left people who have found that in spite of all other differences, a shared hatred of Jews can unite them. And once you start hating the Jews, all sorts of vistas open up for you. For Owens, it was the shocking revelation (to her, at any rate) that Germans in 1945 were treated very poorly. What she mainly found out about was the expulsion of the German population from central and eastern Europe in the aftermath of WWII.

Nobody knows for certain how many people were involved but it was certainly more than 10 million Germans forced from lands Germans had lived in for centuries. In the process, unknown numbers of Germans were robbed, raped, beaten and murdered. Poles and Czechs were especially notable in their brutality but nobody ever exceeded what the Russians did when they got into Germany. Over on the western side, the French unleashed their North African soldiers on the German population with the expected result. The Anglo-Americans were the most gentle but as we went into Germany we were quite savage is suppressing the least sign of resistance, we confiscated huge amounts of undamaged housing (giving the Germans literal minutes to clear out) and there were robberies, rapes and murders of Germans. Candace is shocked by all this. And on her posts about it, a huge raft of neo-Nazis have posted article after article making out that the Germans were the victims. That the whole war was orchestrated by the Jews to destroy Germany.

This is all pure, unadulterated nonsense.

As I’ve noted before, the Germans got off light in World War Two. They started a war they had no cause to start. They behaved with inhuman savagery towards the people they conquered. Their plan was to massacre millions and settle Germans on the lands of the dead; any survivors among the conquered were to be reduced to slavery. As they retreated they gratuitously destroyed as much property in occupied countries as they could. And they did this because they thought they were superior. Hitler didn’t start the concept of Germanic superiority. Oddly, it was started by a Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau. He asserted that the more Aryan you were, the more superior. In his view, France was undone because the inferior, non-Aryan part of the nation had managed to overthrow the superior, Aryan part (of which he was a member). From Gobineau to Hitler is a whole raft of race theorists who built into the German mind this idea that they were superior and that superior people must rule the lesser. Bottom line: the Germans wanted Hitler and his war. They wanted him and it to be a success. They looked forward eagerly to being masters over slaves. Of course, Germans aren’t superior and all the Aryan blood in the world isn’t going to help you deal with 1,000 8th Air Force bombers overhead, Montgomery’s 21st Army Group crossing the Rhine or Zhukov’s 1st Belorussian Front staffed with men who had their whole families massacred by Germans. The Germans, in the end, were stupid. And what they got in 1945 was what was coming. The Jews had nothing to do with it: the Germans called down the wrath of God upon themselves.

But we also have a population of highly uneducated people. And thus Owens’ being shocked to find that the people who caused World War Two weren’t treated with kid gloves. That’s bad enough: the worst part of it is that its all being worked into blaming the Jews, and this as part of the larger Islamist/Western Leftist program to annul the State of Israel. We’re just a step away from a major portion of the Western world holding to the view that there is a Global Jewish Conspiracy. As noted, blaming Jews is the gateway drug to Nazism – but once you’re through that gate, then its increasingly easy to blame all problems on your target. That is what Owens is doing vis WWII. But you’ll find voices saying that the border invasion, the trans movement, child trafficking, drug addition and on and on are caused by the Jews. And if we could just get rid of these damned Jews, we could fix it all.

It can’t be emphasized enough that we must stamp on this. We cannot permit this line of thinking to grow. Those who are propagating it must have their ability to do so taken away. This isn’t a matter of free speech of anything trivial: the people propagating anti-Semitism are, knowing or not, preparing for a Holocaust. They have to be stopped before they get enough adherents to first massacre the Jews of Israel, then massacre the Jews of the world. We have found that “Never Again” is just words – just saying you won’t have a Holocaust isn’t enough to prevent it. You must stop it – and as we learned last time, it must be stopped early. There are some ideas so evil that they must be suppressed – and one of those ideas is that Jews, as a group, control things. Like your Jewish neighbor goes to the Jew Conspiracy Meeting once a month to make plans. It is just stupid – but just because it is stupid doesn’t mean it isn’t lethal. In fact, an argument can be made the more stupid the idea is, the more lethal it can be. Basically, once someone signs on to be stupid, they usually feel they can’t back away from it for fear of ridicule…so they just double and triple down on it. The SA guy who beat up a Jew in 1929 became the gas chamber operator in 1943.

We do have some means of stopping this. First off would be cutting of the anti-Semitic money. Huge amounts of Arab oil money flows into America’s schools, thus paying for anti-Semitism. Huge numbers of anti-Semitic Muslim students are enrolled in our colleges; expel and deport them. Cut off funding for UNWRA, the Red Cross/Red Crescent and a huge number of other NGO’s who have become overtly anti-Semitic over time. Fire the government and education bureaucrats and professors who have talked up drivel like “anti-colonialism”. Doing all of this might be sufficient to protect the American body politic from the anti-Semitic virus – but we must also keep in mind that an application of violence against the worst offenders might prove necessary. This is that crucial; the future of human decency is at stake. How a person views the Jews is the litmus test on whether or not they are sane, reasonable people. Those who hate them must be ostracized at a minimum, destroyed as a last resort.

This Time, the Jews Aren’t Sticking Around

Instructed by what happened after 1933 in Germany, modern Jews, it appears, are not waiting around to see what the New New Order will be like:

Some fifty years ago, a mass migration transformed Judaism in France and in other countries of Western Europe. Algeria, a French colony in North Africa, was granted independence in 1962. Over one million French residents — European settlers and natives that had opted for French citizenship and culture — had no choice but to flee across the Mediterranean to the mother country, and ten percent of them were Jewish. Overnight, the Jewish community in Metropolitan France grew from 300,000 to over 400,000 souls…

…Now, a reversal is taking place. Today Jews are migrating out of France, and this is occurring in increasingly larger numbers.

This migration starts within France, as a mere change of locations. In Greater Paris, middle-class Jewish families are deserting neighborhoods that have been engulfed by more recent immigrants from Africa and the Near East. These new immigrant populations have proven prone to violence, and as radical Muslims, many entertain negative views about Jews and Judaism. Harassment, arson, and assault are frequent. There have been several murders. Even the liberal-minded Imam Hassan Chalghoumi of Drancy, who advocates friendly relations with Christians and Jews, was threatened and assaulted.

“I did not leave Morocco for France to be confronted by Morocco again in France,” a Casablanca-born Jewish physician confided to me…

Get out while the getting is good.  As the Muslim population surges in Europe the Muslim radicals grow in number and strength and start making demands – demands which are, for the most part, immediately accepted by the Ruling Class of Europe.  This acceptance is because the Ruling Class of Europe (like the Ruling Class everywhere in the West, including the United States) is cowardly – cowardly because they are not Christian, not Jewish, not anything…just rulers with lots of money and power and a determination to hang on to both as long as they can…and if they can buy a little peace for themselves by grovelling to Islamists, they’ll do it.  The Jews, though, are seeing the writing on the wall and aren’t sticking around until the cattle cars come ’round to pick them up.

As in all forms of descent, momentum takes over – from a mere fearful desire to appease the Islamists comes a desire to be as anti-Semitic as the Islamists.  There are moves afoot in Europe to ban the kosher preparation of food as well as circumcision of children (no, not much effort to ban the Islamic preparation of food).  Its easier, you see?  To stand up for the Rights of Man (which France, once upon a time, claimed loyalty to) takes courage and, in the end, a willingness to kill or die for the cause.  That can disturb the sweet deal you’ve got where the money pours in and you get to attend swank conferences on the taxpayer’s dime.

For the moment, Jews can find refuge – in Israel and the United States.  But even the United States is not absolutely secure, because if the American left does emerge completely triumphant in our current battle, if they are able to marginalize us and thus obtain full power to do as they wish, then it will become uncomfortable for Jews in the United States, as well (which just makes it even more amazing that so many American Jews vote for the people who are already turning on them).  We already see in the more liberal areas of the United States a kowtowing to Islam, which is just how it started in Europe…but kowtowing isn’t enough.  Eventually, such actions lead a person to joining the other side…to become anti-Semitic (some on the left have already made this journey).  And, so, in the end, if I were to advise a foreign Jew where to go, I’d say Israel…and pray the IDF is, indeed, up to the task of taking out Iran’s nuclear weapons program (American Jews, you’re not off the hook – you have to stick around and help us defeat this nonsense).

And, of course, it isn’t just Jews under threat.  In Europe there are also plenty of Christians who no longer feel that Europe is safe for them.  While Europe is ostensibly filled with Christians, my guess is that the number of Europeans who actually live as Christians is in the 10% range (some countries have a higher number – Ireland and Poland, for instance; but even in those places, it is probably just a bare majority…in some places of Europe, especially the power centers, there are hardly any Christians, at all).  I’ve read stories of Europeans emigrating to the United States simply because they feel they can’t raise their children to be Christians in Europe – the whole of society is weighted against them.  A two-track destruction of European civilization is going on – hammering the Christians who built it, welcoming in the Muslims who wish to end it.

Say what you will, but this is a fight to the finish – Western, Christian civilization has been under attack for centuries (I’d date it to the misbegotten – and entirely misnamed, as it’s proponents were amazingly ignorant – so-called Enlightenment of the mid 18th century).  Point blank, we are already living in what amounts to a post-Christian era, but which is still a Christian framework of society (such concepts as individual liberty, the worth of the individual, etc, are Christian concepts alien to all other civilizations on Earth).  Now, it seems, the ignorant and cowardly heirs of the so-called Enlightenment are essentially calling in Islam to finish the job.  It makes more sense than you might think – Enlightenment thinking is very Determinist in view; fatalistic, as it were: and so is Islam.  The modern, Western Determinist figures everything happens because of what has happened before, no human free will.  The Islamist figures everything happened because of God’s will, no human free will.  It is Christians (and Jews) who actually hold that humans have a part to play independent of God’s will…that we can choose our fate.  This conception built our civilization, and the end of our civilization is built around the end of such a concept.

How it will come out remains to be seen – though, as a Christian, I’m absolutely assured that my side wins, in the end.  But this doesn’t mean we have no role to play – that we cannot or must not fight.  The only question is: will we fight?  The Jews are (wisely) starting to flee an increasingly anti-Semitic Europe – but you can only flee so far.  And there is no place for the (at least) 150 million Americans who believe in the Judeo-Christian West to flee to.

UPDATE:  The left goes to ever more extreme lengths to attack Israel – now the fact that IDF soldiers don’t rape Muslim women is “proof” that IDF soldiers don’t think of Muslim women as human beings.  On the flip side, this must mean that the Muslim men who rape Christian women are paying them a compliment those nasty IDF soldiers never could…

Can America Tolerate Sharia?

Eliyahu Stern in a New York Times Op-Ed argues that Americans have nothing to fear from the importation of Sharia law in to the United States – he likens laws banning Sharia to past attempts at excluding Jews from full civil rights:

…The suggestion that Shariah threatens American security is disturbingly reminiscent of the accusation, in 19th-century Europe, that Jewish religious law was seditious. In 1807, Napoleon convened an assembly of rabbinic authorities to address the question of whether Jewish law prevented Jews from being loyal citizens of the republic. (They said that it did not.)

Fear that Jewish law bred disloyalty was not limited to political elites; leading European philosophers also entertained the idea. Kant argued that the particularistic nature of “Jewish legislation” made Jews “hostile to all other peoples.” And Hegel contended that Jewish dietary rules and other Mosaic laws barred Jews from identifying with their fellow Prussians and called into question their ability to be civil servants…

This argument does strike a chord – not just in someone familiar with the history of anti-Semitic persecution in the Christian West, but even for those – like myself – who are Catholics and know how our ancestors were considered unsuited for American citizenship as we allegedly owed loyalty to a foreign prince, the Pope.  Of course it was always nonsense to hold that Jews and Catholics couldn’t be good citizens of the United States – such views were just a hold-over of Protestant bigotries from centuries prior.   And, of course, once Jews and Catholics became numerous in the United States and demonstrated their loyalty again and again, it became absurd for anyone to hold to those old bigotries.  Is it the same for people of the Muslim faith?  Are we just rushing to judgment before we’ve given Islamic Americans a chance to prove themselves?

Perhaps – but here is the difference:  anti-Semitism and anti-Catholicism pre-date the founding of the United States of America.  Indeed, the Puritans who founded Massachusetts and set the stage for the growth of American liberty were, to a man and woman, ferociously opposed to any manifestation of Catholicism.  When those Puritans came from Europe to America, the war between Protestantism and Catholicism was still raging in Europe (when the Puritans landed at Plymouth Rock Europe was in the second year of what would become the Thirty Years War which was just a horrific war made even worse by sectarian animosities being used as a cloak for greed and cruelty).  We, as it were, inherited a bigotry…but Islam never felt such animosity in America until people of the Muslim faith started to massacre Americans for no justifiable reason whatsoever.

Remember that – it is key:  there is not and has not been an iota of justification for Muslims to feel hostility towards the United States.  Indeed, the proper feeling among Muslims should be gratitude…gratitude that American influence was set against the European colonial powers; gratitude that when Muslim States started to steal Western assets via nationalization the United States refused to coerce Islam in to restoring the stolen property; gratitude that the United States has restrained Israel from occupying Cairo and Damascus; gratitude that we pressured Israel to give up the Sinai and the West Bank even though Israel had no cause to do so; gratitude that we have helped to topple tyrants ruling over Muslim States; gratitude that time and time again the United States has rushed aid to Muslim States stricken by disaster.  The hatred felt by Muslims towards the United States is unreasonable…and the murder of Americans by people claiming to act in the name of Islam is a blot upon Muslim honor.  This blot is compounded by the fact that Americans have yet to see a vigorous, Muslim campaign to stamp out the people who murder Americans.

The words “bigotry” and “mistrust” are not synonymous.  We would be nothing more than bigots if we asserted that all Muslims are bad – but if we express mistrust of Muslims, the question must be asked – why?  Because Muslims have unjustifiably attacked Americans.  Because we have many examples of Sharia-advocates using it as a tool for persecution.  Because some of the most fervent advocates for Sharia have connections to the most vile, anti-American groups.  Certainly no American will object to a Muslim going to an Islamic court to clarify matters of faith and morals – no more than any American, of whatever belief, objects to a Catholic getting a ruling on the validity of a marriage.  But there is enough evidence in the actions of some Muslims who advocate for Sharia to convince Americans that Sharia is not compatible with American ideals.

It doesn’t have to remain this way – in fact, in just a few, short years American attitudes can be vastly altered.  All Americans will need to see is action on the part of Muslims to go after those who attack the United States and/or use Sharia as an excuse to brutalize their fellow human beings.  It won’t do the least bit of good for 10,000 people to swear that 99.9% of Muslims would never dream of attacking Americans or using Sharia as a means to oppress…words are meaningless unless matched to action.  It shouldn’t take American special forces and drone attacks to kill radical Islamists – Muslims should be doing it.  The sort of people who carry out terrorist attacks and use Sharia for oppression are not fit for decent company…no rational, well-meaning people would tolerate such in their midst.  But just as long as Islam at least appears to tolerate those sort, so will American mistrust of Islam remain, and likely grow.

You can’t excuse yourself from the act of building civilization by simply accusing others of being bigots.  We, as non-Muslims, have our duties to perform…to be tolerant of differences, to show love towards our fellow men and women, to fight for what is right.  Muslims have these same duties.  And I say to all Muslims who wish to have a world in which mistrust of Islam is a thing of the past – get busy:  you’ve a lot of work to do.  Once you’ve done it, you won’t have to ask for tolerance of Sharia…it will be automatic; in fact, you’ll find Christians and Jews to be willing collaborators in helping Muslim observance of Sharia…provided it is, as some claim, just a matter of adjudicating Muslim religious practices.